A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad (1955) a translation of the work by Ibn Ishaq (d. 763) This is by far the most important body of material on Muhammad's life; it forms the basis of every biography written after that time. A slightly later rendition of Muhammad's life, that by al-Tabari, is also available in English in the translation series The History of al-Tabari, published by the State University of New York Press: volume 6, Muhammad at Mecca; volume 7, The Foundation of the Community; volume 8, The Victory of Islam; volume 9, The Last Years of the Prophet. Ibn Sa‘d, Tabaqat provides another source; the two volumes on Muhammad are translated into English: Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir: English translation, by S. Moinul Haq (1967,1972)
Tor Andrae, Muhammad, the man and his faith (1932; translation: 1936, 1956)
W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (1953) and Muhammad at Medina (1956) which were shortened into Muhammad Prophet and Statesman (1961). Also see his Muhammad's Mecca: History in the Quran (1988)
Maxime Rodinson, Muhammad (1961; translation: 1971)
Martin Lings, Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources (1983)
The article “Muhammad” in the old edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (and reprinted in the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam) by Franz Buhl is based upon firm, turn-of-the-century historical analysis; the article has been revised by Alford Welch in the new edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, but the revision does not mark a substantial change in the approach or attitude present in Buhl's original article.
F.E. Peters, “The quest for the historical Muhammad”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 23(1991), 291-315
Anne-Marie Schimmel, And Muhammad is his Messenger. The veneration of the prophet in Muslim piety (1985)
U. Rubin (ed.), The Life of Muhammad (1999) reprints 15 articles on various aspects of Muhammad:
1. “‘Maghazi’ and ‘Sira’ in Early Islamic Scholarship” by Martin Hinds
2. “Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi: the Dream of 'Atika and the Raid to Nakhla in Relation to the Charge of Plagiarism” by J.M.B. Jones
3. “Waqidi's Account on the Status of the Jews of Medina: a Study of a Combined Report” by Michael Lecker
4. “Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary Topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition” by Lawrence Conrad
5. “The Sons of Khadija” by M. J. Kister
6. “The First Muslims in Mecca: a Social Basis for a New Religion?” by Miklos Muranyi
7. “The Meetings at al-'Akaba” by Gertrud Mélamède
8. “The Sunnah Jami'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews and the Tahrim of Yathrib. Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called ‘Constitution of Medina’” by R.B. Serjeant
9. “The Chronology of the Maghazi--a Textual Survey” by J.M.B. Jones
10. “AI-Hudaybiya: an Alternative Version” by Furrukh B. Ali
11. “AI-Hudaybiyya and the Conquest of Mecca: a Reconsideration of the Tradition about the Muslim Takeover of the Sanctuary” by G.R. Hawting
12. “The Growth of the Mohammed Legend” by Josef Horovitz
13. “Jerusalem in the Story of Muhammad's Night Journey and Ascension” by Heribert Busse
14. “Muhammad and the Prophets” by A.J. Wensinck
15. “The Prophet Muhammad: His Scripture and his Message according to the Christian Apologies in Arabic and Syriac from the First Abbasid Century” by Sidney H. Griffith
Ibn Warraq, The Quest of the Historical Muhammad (2000) reprints a collection of articles, some older and more polemical:
1. “Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: A Critical Survey” by Ibn Warraq
2. “Origins of Islam: A Critical Look at the Sources” by Ibn Rawandi
3. “Muhammad and the Origins of Islam” by Ernest Renan
4. “Koran and Tradition - How the Life of Muhammad Was Composed” by Henri Lammens
5. “The Age of Muhammad and the Chronology of the Sira” by Henri Lammens
6. “Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad” by Henri Lammens
7. “Matters of Principle Concerning Lammens' Sira Studies” by C. H. Becker
8. “The Quest of the Historical Muhammad” by Arthur Jeffery
9. “A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions” by Joseph Schacht
10. “Abraba and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary Topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition” by Lawrence 1. Conrad
11. “The Function of asbab al-nuzul in Quranic Exegesis” by Andrew Rippin
12. “Methodological Approaches to Islamic Studies” by J. Koren and Y. D. Nevo
13. “The Quest of the Historical Muhammad” by F. E. Peters
14. “Recovering Lost Texts: Some Methodological Issues” by Lawrence L Conrad
15. “The implications of, and Opposition to, the Methods of John Wansbrough” by Herbert Berg
16. “John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism” by G. R. Hawting